what about a combination or some of the ideas in this thread?
maybe...take guns away from regular patrol cops. they get to carry some combination of nightsticks, tasers, and those shotguns that shoot beanbags. in return for decreasing their personal safety, give them raises (40-50%). guns can only be carried by SWAT units that undergo rigorous and exhaustive training. maybe also make it automatic death penalty to kill a cop. i feel that criminals would be less likely to shoot at a cop knowing that the cop can't use lethal force in return.